Invention of Telescope

Telescope

                              The legend goes that playing one day in their father's spectacle shop, two dutch children realized that if they looked through both the concave lens close to their eye and a concave lens held at arm's length,the local church tower was greatly magnified.their father, hans lippershey ( circa 1570-1619 ),then mounted the two lenses in a tube and tried to sell the device to the dutch Army. whether the credit for this invention should go to lippershey or to, for example, zacharius janssen or Jacob Metius, or even the Englishman Leonard Digges, has become a matter considerable debate. At the very least, Lippershey is generally credited with popularizing the device, and creating and disseminating designs for the first practical telescope. soon similar instruments, known as "Dutch Trunks" were appearing all over Europe

                  The Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei heard about the new device when he was in Venice in May 1609. returning to his university in nearby Padua, he made a telescope that magnified by about twenty times and had a field of view of  about one-tenth of a degree. using this, he discovered that the sun has spot, jupiter was accompanied by four satellite, Venus had phases, and the Moon was mountainous. these results he published in March 1610 in his work,Siderius Nuncius (The Sidereal Massenger )

                Telescopic astronomy never looked back. by 1611, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler was using a Telescope consisting of two convex lenses, an instrument that gave greater magnification but an inverted image. In 1668 the English genius Sir Isaac Newton invented reflecting telescope, which uses a curved mirror rather than a large lens to collect and focus light, thus eliminating the problem of severe chromatic aberration

Pendulum Clock

Pendulum Clock

          Around 1602 Galileo Galiei notice that the swing period of the      pendulum was nearly independent of the amplitude of the oscillation,and this become the most important history of horology. in 1656 Dutch mathematician and astronomer christiaan as a regulating oscillator in a clock

    The swing period of a pendulum is only a function of its length and the local gravitational field,unlike the verge and balance oscillator,which it replace,which had an oscillation period that depended on the force exerted by the driving spring.

                         within years of Huygens's discovery, weight - driven  pendulum clocks were appearing all over Europe. To provide a sufficient distance for the weights to fall,and to accommodate a reasonably long pendulum -a two-second tick-tock requires a pendulum 3 feet long -these clocks were put in long floor-standing cases. these "grandfather" clocks were reliable to an impressive twenty seconds a day. around 1670 the invention of the anchor escapement led to improvement in timekeeping by enabling the amplitude to the pendulum oscillation to be reduce.

      In 1676 the more fragile dead-beat escapement was introduce to high accuracy regarding clocks. This escapement gave the pendulum a "push" only when it was near its vertical position.coupled with a pendulum made of bars of different metals (usually brass and steel), it ensured that the length did not change as the temperature changed. the accuracy improved to about one second per day, an important aid in the work of  astronomical observatories 

Invention Of Diesel Engine

Invention Of Diesel Engine

 While it can be asserted that the diesel engine was, indeed invented by Paris-born inventor Rudolf Diesel 

(1858-1913), It is not the case that we can attribute to him the very first "Diesel engine".

              "Diesel engine" has for some time been the genetic term used to describe any compression ignition (CI), Internal combustion engine,that is an engine that has no carburetor or spark plugs but instead injects a   fuel oil directly into the cylinder. becouse the piston has compressed the air therein so tightly,it is hot enough to ignite the fuel with no spark. As a cold engine cannot ignite the diesel fuel, glow plugs are sometimes used to preheat the cylinder.

               Diesel research CI engine technology for many years, testing a variety of fuels ranging from cold dust to thick tar-type oil. his engine design was patented in 1892- some two years after a patent for a CI engine had already been issue to one Herbert Akroyd Stuart patent is but one of several related patents jointly filled by him and Charles Richard Binney
               It was following demonstration of CI engines at the munich exhibition of 1898, and the paris exhibition of 1900, that Diesel's name became synonymous with both the style of engine and the kerosene-type fuel ultimately selected to power it. exellent fuel economy and the Non-explosive nature of the fuel itself ensured the engines widespread success.
      Diesel actually foresaw the potential of (and ultimate need for ) organically derived fuel sources. he died at sea after falling from the steamer, " Dresdel "In september